"On every stem, on every leaf,... and at the root of everything that grew, was a professional specialist in the shape of grub, caterpillar, aphis, or other expert, whose business it was to devour that particular part."

~Oliver Wendell Holmes

Continuing on the subject of Oe spores from the previous post, an article by the Monarch joint Venture, titled Q&A about research related to tropical milkweed and monarch parasites gives us more information on the disease, some of the latest research findings, and some tips on how to mitigate the support and spread of the spores to our local Monarch butterfly populations from our well intentioned gardening actions.

 Photo courtesy of University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia